The Hafele-Keating Experiment
(Joseph C. Hafele & Richard E. Keating 1972 r.)
- The Hafele-Keating experiment took place in October 1971 and consisted in measuring the time difference of atomic clocks on board a Boeing 747 plane traveling around the globe. The plane made two flights – one to the east and one to the west.
- The reference ground clock, which was used to compare its time with the time of the clocks on board the aircraft, was located at the United States Naval Observatory, located in the coordinates: 38°55’17.23″N; 77°4’59.36″W.
- During the H-K experiment in 1971, the plane with clocks on board flew at a latitude close to 39°N.
- The experiment, despite technical difficulties and financial constraints, was performed correctly and provided reliable results.
- The experiment confirmed the phenomenon of the “relativistic time effect”, i.e. that the passage of time of an observer moving in the space of the Universe also depends on his speed of movement.
- Hafele-Keating’s experiment focused only on the effect of motion speed on the passage of time, because the relationship between time and gravity had been confirmed earlier.
- The results of the experiment not only met expectations, but exceeded them, making the authors of the experiment unable to fully interpret them.
- The Hafele-Keating experiment became an important, though completely underestimated, step in the development of physics, confirming not only the relativistic effect of time, but also the existence of space, which the experiment indicated by the asymmetry of the times of clocks flying to the East (-59 ns) and to the West (+273 ns).
1. Results of the H-K experiment
The difference in the time indications of clocks traveling by plane in relation to the indications of the ground clock was:
- Lot na wschód t1 = –59 +/- 10 ns
- Lot na zachód t2 = 273 +/- 7 ns
2. Interpreting the results of the H-K experiment
(according to the theory of real physics)
a) Calculation of Einstein’s time dilation (TE0) relative to Newtonian time (TN0)
Where:
TN0 – Newton’s reference time TN0 = 0TE0 – Reference time of the ground clock (Einstein time).
TE1 – The difference in time, clocks flying west, relative to Einstein’s time.
TE2 – The time difference between clocks flying to the East, relative to Einstein’s time.
Ground clock time dilation:
TE = TE0 = x = 214 [ns]
Einstein’s time dilation during the H-K experiment:
TE = 214 ns
b) Calculation of the absolute velocity of the reference ground clock TE in singularity space. (Without taking into account the effect of gravity on the measurement.)
Given the value of the time dilation of the ground reference clock TE and the speed of the aircraft in which the clocks were traveling, the absolute speed of this ground clock in the space of the Singularity can be calculated.
Assuming:
Cruising speed of the Boeing 747 VB747 = 250 m/s
Time dilation of clocks flying West: TE1 = 273 ns
Time dilation of clocks flying East: TE2 = -59 ns
Einstein time dilation: TE = 214 ns.
We calculate the absolute velocity of the ground clock (TE) from the proportion: VB747 / VTE = TE1/TE0
VTE = 250 * 214/273 = 196 [m/s]
The absolute velocity of the ground clock (TE), in the space of the Singularity, at the latitude of Washington is:
VTE = 196 m/s
c) Linear velocity of the Earth, at Washington latitude:
VW = VR * cos φ; φ = 38.9o; cos 38.9o = 0.7782; VR = 463 m/s
VW = 463*0.7782
VW = 360.3 [m/s]
d) The Space of the Singularity follows the rotation of the Earth, at Washington latitude, with a velocity
VTE = 196 m/s, which is lower at this latitude and is VW = 360.3 [m/s].
e) VTE = 196 m/s < VW = 360,3 m/s
It means that the atomic mass of the Earth, with the help of gravitational viscosity, causes a swirl in the matter of the Singularity.
3.Conclusions from the Hafele-Keating experiment
(according to the Theory of Real Physics.)
- Asymmetry of the difference in times of clocks flying east and west: t1 = +273; t2 = – 59 [ns], It is a confirmation of the existence of material space – the space of the Singularity.
- The Space of the Singularity is the fourth dimension.
- The three-dimensional Universe is immersed in the space of the Singularity.
- There are two measurable times in the space of the Singularity:
- Newtonian Reference Time (TN).
- Einstein’s relativistic time (TE).
- Einstein’s time dilation relative to Newton’s time is measurable.
- Cloning Newtonian reference time is possible.
- 7) Einstein’s relativistic time depends on the speed of motion in the space of the Singularity and on the gravitational gravitation of the masses of atomic matter immersed in the space of the Singularity.
- VTE = 196 m/s < VW = 360.3 m/s
It is a confirmation of the predicted by the Theory of Real Physics of the spinning motion of the space of the Singularity, following the rotation of the Earth.
Table 1.
Velocities in space Singularities according to the Hafele-Keating
experiment
Where: vE – linear velocity of the Earth; vS – velocity in the space of the Singularity.
| Latitude | f | Cos f | vE | v S [m/s] | v S [km/h] |
| Equator | 0.00 | 1.0000 | 463.00 | 251.86 | 906.71 |
| Washington | 38.90 | 0.7782 | 360.31 | 196.00 | 705.60 |
| Stockholm | 59.31 | 0.5100 | 236.13 | 128.45 | 462.40 |