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The Hafele-Keating Experiment

(Joseph C. Hafele & Richard E. Keating 1972 r.)

  • The Hafele-Keating experiment took place in October 1971 and consisted in measuring the time difference of atomic clocks on board a Boeing 747 plane traveling around the globe. The plane made two flights – one to the east and one to the west.
  • The reference ground clock, which was used to compare its time with the time of the clocks on board the aircraft, was located at the United States Naval Observatory, located in the coordinates: 38°55’17.23″N; 77°4’59.36″W.
  • During the H-K experiment in 1971, the plane with clocks on board flew at a latitude close to 39°N.
  • The experiment, despite technical difficulties and financial constraints, was performed correctly and provided reliable results. It should be noted here that the difference in time between clocks flying east and west was created practically only during the flight.
  • The experiment confirmed the phenomenon of the “relativistic time effect”, i.e. that the passage of time of an observer moving in the space of the Universe depends on his speed of movement.
  • The Hafele-Keating experiment focused only on the effect of motion speed on the passage of time, as the relationship between time and gravity had previously been confirmed.
  • The results of the experiment not only met expectations, but exceeded them, making the authors of the experiment unable to fully interpret them.
  • The Hafele-Keating experiment became an important, but underestimated, step in the development of physics, which confirmed not only the relativistic effect of time, but also the existence of space, the space in which this experiment took place.

1. Results of the H-K experiment

The difference in the time indications of clocks traveling by plane in relation to the indications of the ground clock was:

Flight to the East
Δt1 = -59 +/- 10 ns		Flight west
Δt2 = 273 +/- 7 ns

2. Interpreting the results of the H-K experiment

(according to the theory of real physics)

a) Calculation of Einstein’s time dilation (TE0) relative to Newtonian time (TN0)

Fig. 1.

0000ffWhere:
TN0 – Newton’s reference time TN0 = 0TE0 – Reference time of the ground clock (Einstein time).
TE1 – The difference in time, clocks flying west, relative to Einstein’s time.
TE2 – The time difference between clocks flying to the East, relative to Einstein’s time.

Ground clock time dilation:
ΔTE = TE0 = x = 214 [ns]

Einstein’s time dilation during the H-K experiment:

ΔTE = 214 ns

b) Calculation of the absolute velocity of the reference ground clock TE in singularity space (without taking into account the effect of gravity on the measurement).

Given the value of the time dilation of the ground reference clock ΔTE and the speed of the aircraft in which the clocks traveled, the absolute speed of the ground clock in the space of the Singularity can be calculated:

Assuming:

Cruising speed of the Boeing 747 aircraft:  VB747 = 250 m/s

Time dilation of clocks flying West: TE1 = 273 ns
Time dilation of clocks flying East: TE2 = -59 ns
Einstein time dilation: ΔTE = 214 ns.

We calculate the absolute velocity of the ground clock (TE) from the proportion: VB747 / VTE = TE1/TE0VTE = 250 * 214/273 = 196 [m/s]
The absolute velocity of the ground clock (TE), in the space of the Singularity, at the latitude of Washington is:
VTE = 196 m/s

c) Linear velocity of the Earth, at Washington latitude:

VW = VR * cos φ

φ = 38.9 O
cos 38.9 O = 0.7782
VR = 463 m/s
VW= 463*0.7782 = 360.3 [m/s]

VW = 360.3 m/s

Table 1. Velocities in space Singularities resulting from the Hafele-Keating experiment, and velocities for selected cities, calculated from this experiment.

Where:
vE – linear velocity of the Earth;
vS– velocity in the space of the Singularity

3.Conclusions from the Hafele-Keating experiment

(according to the Theory of Real Physics.)

  1. The Hafele-Keating experiment is a confirmation of the validity of the Theory of Real Physics. 
  2. Asymmetry of the difference in times of clocks flying east and west:
         Δt1 = +273; Δt2= – 59 [ns],
    This result confirms the existence of a 4D material space (Singularity) that is the cause of the asymmetry in flight times of clocks flying east and west. In the absence of material space or its static nature, the symmetry would be preserved.
  3. The Space of the Singularity (4D) exists creating the fourth dimension of the Universe (3D).
  4. The three-dimensional Universe is immersed in the space of the Singularity (4D).
  5. In the space of the Singularity, there are two measurable times:
    • Newtonian Reference Time (TN).
    • Einstein’s relativistic time (TE).
  6. Einstein’s time dilation relative to Newton’s time is measurable.
  7. Cloning Newtonian reference time is possible.
  8. Relativistic Einstein time (TE) depends on the speed of the object’s motion (3D) in the Singularity space (4D), and on the influence of gravity in the Singularity space (4D).
  9. VTE = 196 m/s < VW = 360.3 m/s
    This inequality confirms the existence of the Singularity space (4D) and its rotational movement around the Earth (3D), following the rotational movement of the Earth (3D).

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